Application of system concept in the field of logistics (comparison of battery forklift performance)
1. The relationship between logistics and industrial engineering
The essence of industrial engineering discipline is to emphasize "system concept" and "engineering awareness". The concept of system attaches great importance to the "integrity, purpose, and innovation" of the research object. It requires people to treat any problem studied as a system, emphasizing the consideration of the problem and the solution of the problem from the perspective of the system as a whole, according to the nature of the system. , This is to establish a system concept. Engineering awareness attaches importance to the use of scientific methods to develop certain technical knowledge and transform scientific technology into productive forces.
Modern logistics is one of the four important technologies of industrial engineering. The organization and management techniques of the logistics system are regarded by more and more experts, scholars and entrepreneurs as the "third source of profit" for enterprises in addition to reducing material consumption and improving labor productivity. It is a new strategy for enterprise development. Strategic planning, strategic investment and strategic technology development of the logistics system is one of the important ways to promote the modernization of enterprises. Logistics can be taken for granted as a core competency. Therefore, solving logistics problems with a systematic viewpoint and a systematic engineering method has become a hot issue and a hot topic that are shared by people of insight in the industry and outside the industry.
Logistics is the science and technique of studying the three flows between consumers and suppliers (ie, real logistics, information flow, and capital flow). European logistics theorists believe that logistics should be composed of five streams, namely physical logistics, information flow, capital flow, energy flow and human resource flow, that is to say, the field of logistics is more extensive.
It can be said that modern logistics theory is the product of the combination of modern engineering science and modern economic science. It involves scientific resource allocation, warehousing, handling, transportation, marketing, information, circulation, environment, regeneration and systems science. The purpose of studying logistics is to obtain the maximum output with the least input.
Second, the concept of logistics system
With the extensive application of modern technology, management and information technology in logistics, the logistics industry has become the industry with the widest coverage to adapt to the development of the market economy. In order for logistics to give full play to its functions and its continuous improvement and optimization, logistics must be rationalized, and the key to logistics rationalization lies in the systematization of logistics.
A system is a relative of similar or related things based on certain internal connections. As far as the environment is concerned, it has certain functions and a relatively independent whole. It has 5 characteristics, namely collectiveness, relevance, purpose, adaptability and dynamics.
The logistics system is composed of various functional elements of logistics, and there is an organic connection between each functional element, and it is a comprehensive body with the function of rationalizing the overall logistics. The functional elements of the logistics system are packaging, warehousing, handling, transportation, distribution, circulation processing and information. The logistics process is a collection of these seven functions. However, if they are separated from each other and managed separately, then the logistics system will be dismembered, and it will not be able to play its due functions and ideal benefits well.
Now, many large enterprises use a decentralized logistics management system. The entire logistics system is divided into three relatively independent "links", namely procurement and supply logistics, production logistics and sales logistics, and the corresponding logistics management business also belongs to procurement and supply. Department, manufacturing department and marketing department. Each "link" has its own logistics function. The logistics function of this system can be closely integrated with other management activities in this field, which is conducive to the unified development of this field, but each field only starts from its own local interests. For example, the procurement and supply department is most concerned about supplier selection and negotiation of procurement terms, so as to obtain the lowest possible purchase price as the main goal, and low prices are often at the cost of increasing the purchase volume and sacrificing part of the quality. The benefits were quickly offset by large inventory costs and spare parts and backup costs. The marketing and sales department is most interested in expanding sales volume as the main goal. In order to obtain supply guarantees in terms of variety and quantity, the accuracy of market information, the economics of product investment, and the reliability of supply methods are almost never considered. Often there will be a sharp increase in sales expenses and offset the profits brought by the increase in sales. The most important thing for the manufacturing department is the smooth flow of the production process, with the main goal of ensuring sales demand. In order to ensure reliable production, the first measure taken is to establish sufficient inventory of work-in-process. In this way, in the entire logistics process from resources to commodities, there is excess inventory in each "link", which causes a large amount of liquid funds to be accumulated in the logistics process, so that the original logistics system is in a stagnation state. Since each department is self-owned,
Poor information and different goals lead to different decisions. Due to different decision-making, unreasonable investment in human resources, capital and energy is caused, which greatly increases the overall logistics cost and ultimately increases the cost of goods, which reduces the market competitiveness of enterprises.
It can be seen from this that the functions necessary to achieve the flow of goods objectively determine that logistics can only be rationalized if it is realized systematically. Only by reorganizing the various functional elements with modern logistics theory and understanding and managing them as a large system can we really improve enterprise management, increase the utilization rate of enterprise resources, reduce costs, and enhance market competitiveness.
3. Characteristics of the logistics system
An enterprise is a system whose function is to convert resources into 名媛直播 and provide them to users. This process is the process of logistics. The logistics department controls most of the company's liquidity. Therefore, it can also be said that an enterprise is a large logistics system. 1. Poor stability and strong dynamic
The logistics system is a special large-span system that involves a very wide range. The biggest difference between it and the production system is that the stability is poor and the dynamics are extremely strong. This is because the logistics system connects production at one end and consumers at the other. The various functional elements in the system and the operation of the system will often change with changes in market demand, supply channels and prices. Especially in the manufacturing industry, the logistics system is more sensitive. A slight fluctuation in the market will trigger changes in the internal logistics of the enterprise, so that the originally optimized logistics system must be re-optimized under the new market requirements. Due to the variability of the market, it is difficult for the logistics system to be stable for a long time. The characteristics of poor stability and strong dynamics require the system to have sufficient flexibility and variability, which increases the rationality of the system and the difficulty of reliable operation.
2. Benefit contradiction
The logistics system is a middle-level system, therefore, it is separable. This system is relatively complex, and there is a strong "benefit against" phenomenon among the elements. If you are not careful when processing, there will be mismatches and the overall system will occur. Changes, in severe cases, may even cause the entire system to paralyze
Paralyzed. For example, in enterprise logistics, the supply logistics department has a large number of orders of all varieties, which ensures the continuous production of the production department and makes the work of its own department easy, but it puts a burden on warehousing logistics and takes up a lot of liquidity. The main reason for this phenomenon is the "epigeneity" of the logistics system, that is, the upstream and downstream interfaces have been formed, and then the logistics management department "matches" or "fills in". Many elements in the system are already a part of other systems before the establishment of the logistics system according to the new concept. Therefore, they are often affected and restricted by the original system and cannot complete the operation according to the requirements of the logistics system. "Effectiveness" refers to the contradiction between the profit and loss of several elements in the logistics system, which means that the optimization of a certain functional element and the production of benefits will at the same time cause the loss of the benefits of another or several other functional elements.
3. The goals of the large logistics system and its subsystems complement each other
The various functional elements of the logistics system have been relatively mature in the long-term social development. Therefore, once the logistics system is established according to the concept, the overall advantages of the system will be quickly played.
Each functional element in the logistics system can constitute a logistics subsystem, and the common goal of each logistics subsystem is the overall efficiency of logistics. A series of processes such as integration, system analysis and system management of the logistics system is called logistics systemization. The fundamental goal of logistics systemization is to reduce logistics costs and improve economic efficiency. When we coordinate the various logistics subsystems with the goal of the lowest total cost of the logistics system, the total logistics cost will be decomposed into the various subsystems and constitute the goal of each subsystem. Through the optimization and re-decomposition of subsystems, the total logistics cost is decomposed into the system coordination process of each subsystem, and finally the optimal or sub-optimal state of the large logistics system with the lowest total logistics cost can be found. Although each subsystem is not necessarily the lowest cost state when it is relatively independent at this time, it can enable the entire logistics system to achieve the optimized state with the lowest total logistics cost. If you ignore this fundamental goal, it will appear that despite the logistics technology innovation and the lowest subsystem cost, the total logistics cost has become higher.
Fourth, the use of system engineering methods to solve practical problems in the logistics system
System engineering is a comprehensive discipline that organically integrates the general connection between things in the natural sciences and social sciences, the unity of the local and the whole, the overall coordination and the overall optimization of system thoughts, system theories and system methods. Its research object is the system, the research viewpoint is from the whole, the research method is the optimization method, and the research purpose is the overall optimization.
Compared with traditional engineering, system engineering has the following three differences.
① Method integration. The object of system engineering research is the system, which is a whole, and the research process is also a whole. The characteristic of this method is to look at the whole first, then look at the part; look at the whole first, then look at the partial; look first at the long-term, then look at the current; look at the macro first, then look at the micro.
② Comprehensive application of technology. System engineering is committed to synthesizing the achievements of various disciplines and technical fields, and is an organic coordination of various science and technology to achieve the optimization of overall system benefits.
③ The goal is optimized. Optimization is the goal pursued and achieved by system engineering.
The use of system engineering to deal with practical problems is to analyze the system using system viewpoints and optimization methods. The process of design, production and operation. Reasonably establish a system model and conduct a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of it, and finally complete the system optimization.
Here are a few examples selected in our work.
Example 1. Selection of the transition platform for the unloading station
The cargo loading and unloading port, or platform, is a "bottleneck" part of the large logistics system. The smoothness of the logistics here directly affects the normal operation of the large logistics system. The platform transition platform is a logistics link between the container flatbed truck and the parts warehouse. The correct choice of this equipment is related to the logistics department.
Eliminate the traditional "bottleneck" to ensure the smooth flow of the large logistics system.
In order to ensure the digging operation of the container flatbed truck, it is necessary to configure 4 platform transition platforms to be installed at the rear unloading platform to adjust the height difference between the platform and the container flatbed truck, so that the forklift can smoothly and safely unload the box.
Through the understanding and analysis of the domestic and foreign platform transition platform equipment, the German Hafa Stekvn3500 hydraulic platform transition platform was purchased in 1996. After use, it is proved that the performance of this device is very good, but the price of the device is slightly higher. So, when the equipment was added again, France was re-elected
Auto Manu 30.2410 mechanical platform transition platform, the unit price of equipment has dropped by 35,000 yuan.
The German Hafa Stekvn3500 hydraulic platform transition platform is hydraulically controlled, with good followability, smooth and reliable connection with the container flatbed, and the platform can be embedded in the plant. It has a good working environment, high degree of automation and easy operation. But the maintenance is more difficult than the mechanical type.
The French Auto Manu 30.2410 mechanical platform transition platform is fully mechanically controlled. It uses gravity compression springs and mechanical locks to complete the overlap with the container flatbed truck. The smoothness of the overlap is poor. The platform is placed outside the plant, the positioning of the container flatbed truck is difficult, the working environment is poor, and the safety is poor. However, there are few institutions and easy maintenance.
The domestic mechanical platform transition platform is an imitation product. It has been proved to be of poor reliability, many failures and low operating rate after trial use, which has now been abandoned.
The following table is a comparison of the performance and price of the three platform transition platforms.
Item French mechanical type German hydraulic type Domestic mechanical type
The delivery status of the equipment needs to be reconstructed, and it can be put into use after adding additional devices.
Working conditions Outdoor, poor environment Indoor, good outdoor Hard
Unit price of equipment (yuan) 95,000 130,000 fg
Single price of canopy (yuan) 30,000 dg
Single unit price of security desk (yuan) 0.15 million 0 fgsd
Single price of human resources (yuan) 0.875 million 0 gf
Total investment of a single device (yuan) 135,200,130 fd
The total price of 4 sets of equipment (yuan) 540,800 520 thousand hd
Through comparison, we can analyze from the system concept, configure 4 platform transition platforms, and select hydraulic platform transition platforms, the total investment will be reduced by 21,000 yuan, and the equipment is integrated and the work is safe and reliable. And choose the mechanical type, although the first purchase price of the equipment is lower than the hydraulic type, but this is a good point
The benefits have been offset by equipment renovation costs and manpower input costs. Moreover, the mechanical effect is poor, the safety and reliability are poor, the integrity of the equipment is destroyed, and the appearance of the plant is damaged. If the operating conditions, plant environment, safety conditions, equipment functions and equipment prices are considered together, and the platform transition platform is considered as a link in the system from the source to the parts warehouse, it is undoubtedly the reasonable choice of the hydraulic platform .
Example 2. Selection of battery forklift
Forklift is a logistics handling equipment and one of the important elements in the logistics handling subsystem. It determines the logistics efficiency. The rationality of forklift selection is actually the key to whether the logistics handling subsystem can operate efficiently and reasonably. And one of the most important functional elements in the large logistics system is handling. Therefore, the rationalization of the logistics handling subsystem is also the key to the rationalization of the large logistics system.
In order to complete the mechanized handling of parts and loading and unloading truck business, it is necessary to purchase 4 forklifts. We have made a comprehensive comparison of models and manufacturers in order to complete the most reasonable capital investment.
Item Domestic battery forklift Japan Liyou battery forklift Domestic combustion forklift
Model CPD20B FBA20P CPCD20—W
Equipment purchase unit price (yuan) 95,000 195,000 110,000
Charger price (yuan) 12,000 Standard configuration, purchase price includes kjfh
Spare battery (RMB) 0.8 million 90-100% hfj
Battery life (years) 2 6-10 ggh
Converted to the same life (yuan) 240,000-40,000 hfhf hh
Operating rate 40—60% 90—100% hh
Converted to the same operating rate (yuan) 95,000 bnj hh
Total price per unit (yuan) 350,000 195,000 hh
The total price of 4 units (yuan) 1.4 million 780 thousand 44 thousand
The price of spare parts is relatively cheap, relatively expensive, relatively cheap
Difficulty in maintenance Disassembly/analysis/diagnosis Automatic diagnosis Disassembly/analysis/diagnosis
Maintenance hours
Human resources investment
Spare parts storage quantity
Battery maintenance complex simple hj
The noise is large, extremely small, very large
Pollution
No no big
Operation flexibility is generally good poor
Appearance is average good average
The performance-price ratio is not good, best, average
Through the analysis of the above table, we can see that the cost involved in various equipment is not only its first purchase cost, but also its operating cost and efficiency cost. If imported forklifts are selected, the total cost will be reduced by 620,000 yuan only from the tangible price analysis. What users really need is equipment with high working efficiency, low running cost, high reliability, high operating rate and low failure rate. If only the unit price of equipment purchase, localization of equipment, and unit price of maintenance spare parts are considered, the blind pursuit of domestic production will only result in high cost and low efficiency. Therefore, the choice of imported forklift trucks with low failure rate, high reliability, high operating rate, easy operation, less maintenance and simple, has the best performance-price ratio. Example 3. Selection of garbage mark
With the gradual strengthening of environmental awareness, people have put forward higher requirements for their living environment. Enterprises are one of the most important links in environmental protection. The classification and storage of industrial waste is the most basic requirement for environmental protection.
In order to complete the classification and storage of factory waste, in order to successfully pass the national ISO14000 inspection, it is necessary to mark the waste storage point. There are about 3,000 identification points, and there are two options for the identification method: one is to use standard stickers and the other is to use metal tags.
The following is a comparison of the performance and price of the two garbage signs.
Item Standard Sticker Metal Sign Remarks
Total input for logo (yuan) 0.9-1.2 million 60 thousand hh
Input of auxiliary identification copy paper (yuan) 0 0.072 million hh
Human resources investment (yuan) 0 2 million hh
Total investment (RMB) 0.9-1.2 million 8.1 thousand The difference in capital investment is 69-72 thousand
Normalization level high low hh
Work difficulty small big hh
Work effectiveness high low hh
Maintenance is easy and complicated hh
Appearance beautiful ugly hh
Human resources investment less much hh
It can be seen from the comparison that the use of standard self-adhesive labels will reduce capital investment by 69,000 to 72,000 yuan. This not only improves the dual effect (efficiency and efficiency) of the work, but also lays a good foundation for the rationalization and improvement of the work. It is very convenient to update the logo and clean the container. On the contrary, considering only the luxury style of the logo, it is thought that this will improve the reliability of passing the ISO14000 acceptance, which will cause great waste and sequelae. When the container is contaminated (multiple incidents), cleaning is inconvenient, and the logo needs to be damaged. When updating, the container will be damaged, resulting in waste.
Example 4. Coordination of production plan and order plan
The organic coordination of physical logistics, information flow and capital flow is crucial for an optimized logistics system. It is generally believed that the flow of logistics facilities and production is proportional to the scale of production, that is, when the production volume increases, the demand for logistics facilities also increases, the inventory must increase, and the use of spare parts funds increases; when the production volume decreases, logistics The demand for facilities is also reduced, the inventory is inevitably reduced, and the use of spare parts funds is reduced.
When the production plan needs to be dynamically adjusted with the changes of the market, the production plan is flexible by the market pull, and the order plan is relatively rigid by the supply cycle and contract terms. On the premise that all or most of the logistics business of an enterprise is self-supported, the situation has changed. At this time, when the production volume is reduced, it will cause the inventory to be greater than the consumption, there will be a stagnation of funds, and there will be tension in the packaging container and storage area, so that the configuration of the packaging container and storage area needs to be increased, the more the production volume decreases , The more logistics facilities need to be added. When the production volume increases, the inventory volume will be equal to or less than the consumption volume, resulting in the idleness of packaging containers and warehouses, resulting in invalid occupation of funds.
Over time, the efficiency of the original efficient and reasonable logistics system will be severely damaged, reducing the economic benefits of the logistics system.
V. Conclusion
Through the above discussion and example analysis, we can draw such a conclusion: In the enterprise logistics system, it emphasizes the use of system perspectives and system engineering methods to analyze and solve problems, through continuous improvement of management, improve the utilization of enterprise resources 1. To reduce costs, the logistics system will surely achieve the best practical results, thereby improving the market competitiveness of enterprises.
