Forklift is the main tool for material transportation, and there are many specifications. Each type of forklift has its applicable environmental occasions. Wrong selection will cause inefficiency and accidents in storage operations. This article systematically introduces 8 types of forklifts, such as manual pallet trucks, electric pallet trucks, counterbalanced forklifts, and forward reach forklift trucks, and analyzes the characteristics of each type and the applicable environmental occasions. At the same time, it exemplifies the test and calculation method of forklift transportation capacity to obtain the quantity requirements of various types of forklifts needed to maintain the normal work of the warehouse. There are many influencing factors in the choice of forklifts, including floors, frequency of entry and exit, etc., also described in the articlec
Keywords: manual hydraulic pallet truck, electric pallet truck, electric stacker, counterbalanced forklift, forward reach forklift, overhead stacker, picker, working cycle time
With the development and progress of social production, the professional division of labor and machinery is getting more and more detailed. The matching and connection of various professional equipment makes the entire logistics system operate in an orderly manner and the efficiency is doubled.
In traditional storage systems, there are no more options. All handling, stacking, loading and unloading may be completely solved by a kind of counterbalanced forklift, which is shown in the warehouse, which shows that the area is large, the space utilization is low, the number of people is large, the goods are scattered and stacked, the shipment is slow, and the peak period Disadvantages such as vehicle queuing. Nowadays, a complete set of storage, loading, picking, distribution and delivery to the warehouse can be made up of counterweight forklifts, various indoor transport machinery or automated unmanned transport equipment and conveyor belts, automatic sorting equipment, etc. Many kinds of professional equipment are processed in sections, and instructions and connections can be completed between various equipment through electronic forms or wireless transmission. A warehouse environment that is as bright, clean, fast, efficient, and orderly as the office can be realized at any time.
Since the invention and use of pallets, since the beginning of container transportation, forklifts (including indoor and outdoor forklifts) have been the main tools for material transportation. For a long period of time in the future, they will continue to realize functional innovation and more and more automated forklifts. It will still dominate the transportation sector. In the following, we will discuss in the future how to choose a suitable truck based on the environment and some factors that need to be considered in the choice of forklift.
First, let's take a look at the classification of Youche.
According to the usage environment of the forklift, it can be divided into two types: indoor and outdoor. Forklifts for outdoor use are usually large-tonnage diesel, gasoline or liquefied gas forklifts, such as container forklifts and cranes used in docks or container transfer stations. Indoor forklifts are basically battery trucks. Now the world's major forklift manufacturers can provide hundreds of specifications of 名媛直播, we usually divide these different specifications into several series. Take Germany Jungheinrich and Sweden BT, the top three in the world and the first and second indoor equipment for example, their main 名媛直播 can be roughly divided into 8 series:
*Hand Pallet Trucks (HandPalletTrucks)
●Power Pallet Truck (PowerPalletTrucks)
It can be divided into three types: self-propelled, standing-driving and sitting-driving
*SupportArmStacker can be divided into three types: self-propelled, standing-driving and sitting-driving
Electric counterbalancer truck (ElectricCounterbalanceTruck)
It can be divided into three-wheel and four-wheel, rear-wheel drive and front-wheel drive
*Diesel/LPG Counterbalanced Forklift (Diesel/LPGCounterbalanceTruck)
. Reach forklift
●High Stacker (HighRackStacker)
It can also be divided into several types, such as man-in-the-middle and non-man-in-the-middle
*Orderpickers
It can be divided into plane picking and high picking
Each of the above series has its most suitable occasion and environment, and there are parts that overlap in certain functions, such as counterbalanced forklifts, front and middle type trucks, and overhead stackers can all access the shelf area, then Which type of model does it have for the user?
To give a simple example: Suppose that such a warehouse requires that every pallet of goods stored can be accessed at any time, so it must be placed on both sides of the aisle. Under the premise of considering only the plane area, let’s take a look at this The warehouse uses different types of forklifts to make use of the plane.
. If the channel width of the used vehicle is approximately equal to the length of the carrier (1500mm), the plane utilization rate can reach 66%;
. If the channel width of the forklift used is equivalent to twice the length of the carrier (270{)nm~), the plane utilization string can reach 50%;
, If the channel width of the used car needs three times the length of the carrier (3500mm), the plane utilization rate can reach 50%;
Obviously, assuming that the plane area of the goods to be stored in this warehouse is 1000m2, then in the first case, the
1000/0.66=1515m2 of land. This situation is equivalent to the use of overhead stackers or rail stackers.
In the second case, 1000/0.50=2000m2 of land is required. The situation of reach forklift.
In the third case, 1000/0.40-2500m2 of land is required. The situation of the counterbalanced forklift.
Therefore, the selection of a suitable car can greatly save a return on investment in land and construction.
Let's take a look at the characteristics of each series of forklifts and their applicable environments.
Both manual pallet trucks and electric pallet trucks are tools for flat point-to-point transportation. The compact and flexible body makes the manual pallet truck suitable for almost any occasion. However, due to manual operation, it is more difficult to transport heavy items of about 2 tons. Therefore, it is usually used for frequent operations at short distances of about 15 meters, especially in the loading and unloading area. In the future logistics links, manual pallet trucks will also assume the link between various transport links. Each manual truck or truck is equipped with a manual pallet truck, which will make the loading and unloading operations faster and more convenient. Subject to site restrictions.
When the dry noodle transport distance is about 30 meters, the walking electric pallet truck is undoubtedly the best choice. The driving speed is controlled by the infinitely variable speed switch on the handle, following the speed of the operator's walking speed, while reducing personnel fatigue , To ensure the safety of operation c such as the main transportation route
When the distance is more than 30 meters to about 70 meters, the electric pallet truck with folding pedals can be used. The driver can stand and drive, and the maximum speed can be increased by nearly 60%. Taking the Jungheinrich forklift as an example, its PER201 can reach no load 10 Km/h.
The following figure shows the corresponding transport distance of different forklifts:
The electric stacker is a kind of light lifting stacking equipment for indoor use. The car body is relatively light, and the support arm at the front of the car body is lengthened to lengthen the counterweight arm to balance the load. Since the fulcrum is outside the center of gravity of the load, the counterweight arm is much larger than the load arm, so a smaller counterweight can lift a larger load. Taking the Jungheinrich electric stacker JCl4 as an example, the rated load is 1.4 tons, and its own weight is only 955 kg. The length, width and turning radius of the vehicle are also relatively small. Jungheinrich has its patented slow-speed button device. It can also be operated at a slow speed in the upright braking position. These characteristics make it particularly suitable for floor-level warehouses or other storage environments with small spaces. This series has a load range of 11.6 tons, a maximum lifting height of 5350, and a 34-meter back-to-back heavy-duty pallet rack, which is the most commonly used and most effective environment, and is an economical choice for small warehouses.
The use of electric stackers also has certain limitations. Since the fork and the support arm need to extend into the bottom of the pallet at the same time to operate the pallet, the double panel cannot be used; also when using drive-in shelves (or corridor shelves) In consideration of balance and load-bearing, the side of the pallet is usually used as the operating surface of the forklift, and the electric stacker cannot be used at this time. In conjunction with the shelf design of the electric stacker, the cross beam is often installed at the bottom of the ground about 100mm above the ground. The first layer of goods is placed on the bottom beam instead of the ground to facilitate the positioning of the forklift.
In fact, we often call forklift trucks, which is also the most widely used and most used series. Since there is no support arm, a longer wheelbase and a larger counterweight are needed to balance the load, so regardless of the three-wheel, four-wheel, electric, and diesel, the body size and weight are large, and a large working space is required. At the same time, the fork directly picks up the goods from the front of the front wheel, without any requirements for the container; the chassis is high, using rubber tires or hyperpneumatic tires, so that it has a strong climbing ability and ground adaptability. Therefore, dry-balanced forklift trucks are generally used for loading and unloading and outdoor transportation.
In the electric balance forklift, it can be divided into three wheels and four wheels, front wheel drive and rear wheel drive. Both steering and driving are rear wheels called rear wheel drive. The advantage is lower cost and easier positioning than front wheel drive. The disadvantage is that when walking on smooth floors and slopes, the pressure of the drive wheels will be reduced when the load is increased. The drive wheels may slip, and most electric counterbalance forklifts now use dual-motor front-wheel drive. Compared with a four-wheel counterbalanced forklift, a three-wheel counterbalanced forklift has a smaller turning radius and is more flexible. It is most suitable for digging inside the container. Now, Jungheinrich is taking the lead in using AC technology for electric counterbalanced forklifts, which greatly improves the overall performance of forklifts and greatly reduces the maintenance costs in the later stage. This technology is called the future technology of the forklift.
There are also two types of diesel and liquefied gas forklifts according to different transmission methods, hydraulic mechanical transmission type and static pressure transmission type. Hydromechanical transmission is a relatively traditional transmission method with low cost, but the torque converter has low transmission efficiency, large energy consumption, and high maintenance cost in the later period. The static pressure transmission is currently the most ideal and most advanced transmission method for internal combustion forklifts. Its main features are soft start, infinitely variable speed, rapid commutation, simple maintenance and high reliability.
The efficiency of using a static pressure transmission type internal combustion forklift when the outdoor short-distance frequent frequent transportation is significantly improved.
Since Dr. Jungheinrich invented the Reach truck in 1953, this series of equipment has gradually become the main tool for indoor overhead access. Its stable load-lifting performance makes the three-dimensional warehouse break through in height for the first time. 6 The limit of 5 meters. At present, the maximum lifting height of the forward reach forklift has reached 115 meters, the load range is from 1 ton to 25 tons, and a multi-reach forward forklift for long storage and pipe fittings, and a general indoor and outdoor forward reach are developed. Special purpose 名媛直播 such as forklifts.
Forward reach forklifts combine the advantages of an electric stacker with support arms and a counterbalanced forklift without support arms. When the gantry (mostly the gantry extension in European design and the fork extension in the US design) At the top, the load center of gravity falls outside the fulcrum, which is equivalent to a Qianheng heavy forklift; when the mast is fully retracted, the load center of gravity falls inside the fulcrum, which is equivalent to an electric stacker. The combination of these two properties makes the volume and dead weight not increase much while ensuring the operation flexibility and high load performance, and saves the working space to the maximum extent.
The most efficient operating height of the reach truck is 6 meters to 8 meters, which is equivalent to the building height of about 10 meters. This height is also the most common height of the store, distribution center of gravity, logistics center of gravity, and the warehouse of the enterprise center. In this height range, the operator can see the line of sight, the positioning is fast and the efficiency is high. When the operating height is greater than 8 meters, the use of a forward-reaching forklift requires slow and careful positioning, and usually an auxiliary device such as a height indicator, a height selector or a camera can be added.
If the warehouse area is small and the height is high, and a large storage capacity and high transport efficiency are required, if you do not want to spend a huge investment in self
In a moving warehouse, the overhead stacker is the only and best choice. The overhead stacker and the high-level picking truck are usually called VNA (VeryNarrowAisle). Its main feature is that the fork can be rotated in three directions, or the fork can directly pick up the goods from both sides. There is no need to turn in the roadway, so it is necessary The roadway space is the smallest. The maximum lifting height of the VNA series exceeds 14 meters, the width of the roadway is usually around 1600nun, and the maximum load capacity is 15 tons.
It is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and electronic and electrical industry.
The overhead stacker can be divided into two types: manned type and unmanned type. The cockpit as the main lift is raised at the same time as the portal frame is called the manned type. The advantage is that it can maintain a horizontal line of sight at any height.
Ensure the best view to improve operational safety. At the same time, because the operator can touch the goods at any position on the shelf, it can be used for picking and inventory operations at the same time.
In order to keep the overhead stacker always straight in the passage, there are two ways of magnetic guidance and mechanical guidance. The magnetic guide must be cut and buried in the center of the roadway, which is easy to damage the floor and difficult to move and adjust. Therefore, the mechanical guide is the most used at present. The mechanical guidance needs to cooperate with the rack, install the steel rails on both sides of the roadway, and guide the roadway through the body guide wheel and other auxiliary devices to drive along the straight line.
VNA series forklifts are also called system trucks. There are many cooperations and influencing factors that need to be considered. Therefore, each case is individually designed and will not be repeated here.
Picking truck series are widely used in distribution centers or third-party logistics warehouses.
The application scope of each series of stacker trucks:
Load range Maximum lifting height Applicable height Roadway width Plane use tandem three-wheel counterbalanced forklift
l 252 t 6500 mm 3000 mm 3300 mm 40%
Indoor and outdoor transportation, container unloading four-wheel counterbalanced forklift
L65 0t 70001Ttrl2 3000mm 33500mm 30%
Outdoor loading and unloading electric stacker
1, 01.6t 5350tam 3000 4000 coffee 2300roan 50%
Floor type warehouse, short warehouse, inside container loading and unloading, can not use double panel front reach forklift
1.02.5t 11510 coffee 6000 8000 mm 2800 mm 45%
Various indoor environments VNA 1,251.5 t 14240 mm 1000014000 mm 1600 mm 60%
Elevated stacking, picking and distribution, warehouse with good floor condition
Each type of forklift has its corresponding handling capacity, expressed as the number of pallets operated per hour or day. For different use environments and different operators, this number is also different, so need to do targeted digging J test. The following introduces a simple force calculation method for forklift truck Q9. T:
Time required to complete one working cycle (test value) T=TI Ten T2 Ten T3 Ten Th TI: Time required for one working cycle in the length direction T2: Time required for one working cycle in the width direction T3: Time required for one working cycle in the entry direction Th: time required for one working cycle in the height direction 1. Assuming a standard test distance from point A to point B, then test
Including the following process:
1. The forklift drives to point A for positioning, lifts the pallet, and exits point A
2. Accelerate, drive to point B, brake
3. Driving person B, pallet positioning, putting down the tray, driving out of point B
4. Accelerate and return to the starting point
Take the L test result as the time required for a plane working cycle
2. Taking l/2 of the total height of the shelf as a working cycle distance, lift the pallet to this height and lower the well to the surface. The test time should be counted from the time the fork is inserted into the pallet until the fork exits the pallet, that is, the fork is not included Time only counts up and down time; take the VNA overhead stacker as an example, because it only works in the shelf area, so the total cycle time includes T1, T2 and Th. Take the following field as an example: TI's standard test distance is S2, S2 = 1/4 shelf area length
The standard test distance of T2 is S3, S3=1/2 width of the shelf area
Th standard test distance 1/2 shelf height
Therefore T: TI ten T2 ten Th
The transportation volume of the forklift per hour: 3600 seconds/T
Assuming a one-shift operation, the operation time is 8 hours, and the forklift uses G) to obtain the amount of transportation that can be completed within one working hour:
Cmax=8 x 3,600 x 60%／T=7,280／T cveles/shifr
The above calculation can get the number of certain types of forklifts required for a warehouse to determine whether to use spare batteries to maintain the normal operation of the warehouse.
The traditional warehouse design usually has a building first, and then considers the layout planning and mechanical equipment, which often causes a waste of investment. Through the analysis and expectation of the production plan, choose the appropriate logistics form storage method, and then carry out civil engineering design planning, or two tongues in parallel to achieve the best investment income. The selection of the car and the design of the storage form are inseparable. The mistakes in equipment selection often result in inefficiency or accidents in actual operation. In severe cases, they need to be demolished and rebuilt. Therefore, in the initial design of the warehousing system and equipment selection, in addition to considering the height and laneway space applicable to each series of models as mentioned above, it is necessary to combine other factors and comprehensively consider other factors. There are many influencing factors, and the following are only examples:
Pallet: Most forklifts use pallets as the operating unit, so the size and form of the pallet often affect the choice of forklift form and specifications.
The operation of pallets of different depths and widths requires different roadway space. More importantly, if the center of gravity of the pallet and the loaded cargo exceeds the design load center of the factory forklift, the load capacity will decrease, so it is generally recommended to use a standard specification A variety of pallet formats, the most commonly used is the European standard 800x1200 or 1000x1200 four-way fork-lift tray. It can be applied to various car models.
Floor: The smoothness and flatness of the floor greatly affect the use of the forklift, especially when using a high-lift indoor forklift. Assuming that the lift height of the forklift is 10 meters, if there is a height difference of 10mm between the left and right wheels of the forklift, then at 10 meters, it will cause a tilt of nearly 80mm, causing the danger of shelf use. There are usually three conditions on the surface of the floor, and the most affected is the jagged undulating ground, which should be avoided as much as possible;
If the ground is undulating, there is a certain height difference outside a certain distance, it is permissible; the best ground is flat and smooth ground, usually a surface treated concrete floor. Factors to be considered on the floor include load bearing capacity, fork wheel pressure, etc.
Elevator, container height, etc.: If the forklift needs to enter or exit the elevator, or to operate inside the container, the population height of the elevator and container needs to be considered. There are several types of gantry for forklift trucks to choose from, usually you need to choose a gantry with a large free head.
Daily operation volume: the frequency of incoming and outgoing goods in the warehouse and the daily operation volume of the forklift are related to the choice of the battery capacity of the forklift or the number of forklifts, so as to ensure the normal operation of daily operations.
Other things to consider are peak periods of warehouse operations, wheel materials, and building restrictions.
