1. Minimize the impact of harmful factors
(1) Reduce the influence of mechanical impurities
Mechanical impurities generally refer to non-metallic substances such as dust and soil, as well as some metal chips and wear 名媛直播 produced by construction machinery in the process of use. Once these impurities enter the interior of the machine and reach between the mating surfaces of the machine, they will do great harm. They will not only block the relative movement and accelerate the wear of parts, but also scratch the mating surface, damage the lubricating oil film, raise the temperature of parts and deteriorate the lubricating oil.
According to the measurement, when the mechanical impurities in lubrication increase to 0.15%, the wear speed of the first piston ring of the engine will be 2.5 times higher than the normal value; When the rolling shaft enters the impurity particles, its service life will be reduced by 80% - 90%. Therefore, for construction machinery working in places with harsh environment and complex conditions, first, high-quality and supporting parts, lubricating oil and grease should be used to block the source of harmful impurities; Second, do a good job in the mechanical protection of the work site to ensure that the corresponding institutions can work normally and prevent all kinds of impurities from entering the machinery. Try to repair the faulty machinery in a regular repair place. During on-site repair, protective measures shall also be taken to prevent the parts replaced during on-site repair from being polluted by dust and other impurities before entering the machine.
(2) Reduce the effect of temperature
In operation, the temperature of each part has its own normal range. For example, the temperature of general cooling water is 80-90 ℃, and the temperature of hydraulic oil in hydraulic transmission system is 30-60 ℃. If it is lower than or exceeds this range, it will accelerate the wear of parts, cause deterioration of lubricating oil, change of material properties, etc. The test shows that the wear of main transmission gears and bearings of various construction machinery running in - 5 ℃ lubricating oil is 10-12 times higher than that running in 3 ℃. However, when the temperature is too high, it will accelerate the deterioration of the lubricating oil. For example, when the oil temperature exceeds 55-60 ℃, the oxidation rate of the oil will double for every 5 ℃ increase in the oil temperature. Therefore, during the use of construction machinery, first, it is necessary to prevent overload operation under low temperature, ensure the normal operation of low-speed pre heating stage, and make the machinery drive or work after reaching the specified temperature. Don't ignore its important role because there are no problems at that time; Second, it is necessary to prevent the machine from running under high temperature. During the operation of the machine, it is necessary to often check the values on various thermometers, shut down the machine immediately for inspection in case of problems, and eliminate the faults in time. If the cause cannot be found for the moment, the machine must not work with faults without treatment. In normal work, pay attention to check the working condition of the cooling system. For water-cooled machinery, check and add cooling water before working every day; For air-cooled machinery, the dust on the air-cooled system should also be cleaned regularly to ensure that the cooling air duct is unblocked.
(3) Reduce various corrosive effects
The phenomenon that the metal surface is damaged by chemical or electrochemical interaction with the surrounding medium is called corrosion. This kind of corrosion will not only affect the normal operation of the external equipment of the machine, but also corrode the internal parts of the machine. For example, chemicals in rain and air enter the interior of the machine through the external channels and gaps of mechanical parts, corrode the interior of mechanical parts, accelerate mechanical wear and increase mechanical faults. Because this corrosive effect is sometimes invisible and untouchable, it is easy to be ignored, so it is more harmful. During use, the management and operation personnel shall take effective measures according to the local weather and air pollution at that time to reduce the impact of chemical corrosion on the machinery, focusing on preventing the invasion of rainwater and chemical components in the air to the machinery.
2. Ensure normal working load
The magnitude and nature of working load of construction machinery have an important impact on the loss process of machinery. Generally speaking, the wear of parts increases proportionally with the increase of load. When the load borne by the part is higher than the average design load, its wear will intensify. In addition, when other conditions are the same, the stable load has less wear, fewer faults and lower service life than that under dynamic load. The test shows that the wear of the cylinder of the engine working under unstable load will increase by two times compared with that under stable load. The engine working under normal load has low failure rate and long service life. On the contrary, the failure rate of the engine with overload operation is significantly increased, and the service life will be reduced compared with the design index. The wear of machinery often in a wide range of load changes is greater than that of machinery working continuously and stably. In general, the engine used by the generator has a longer service life than that used by bulldozers and excavators.
The guarantee of normal working load mainly depends on the use of construction machinery by the operator. First, pay attention not to work under the maximum load that the machine can bear, and use the machine within its ability. As the management personnel of construction machinery, when appointing the operator, they should hand over the attached data and operation manual of construction machinery to the operator, so that they can master the mechanical performance and operation procedures normally, rather than withholding the relevant data at will. Second, we should try our best to ensure the uniform increase and decrease of mechanical load, so that the machinery is in a relatively gentle load change. Specifically, we should increase and decrease the accelerator more evenly to prevent the ups and downs of the action of engine and working device.
3. Ensure reasonable lubrication of machinery
The wear on the working surface of parts, the corrosion on the surface of parts and the aging of materials are the three main replacement forms of mechanical parts under normal service conditions, and the failure caused by the wear on the working surface of parts accounts for the largest proportion. In other words, mechanical wear is one of the main reasons for its various parts to move towards the limit technical state. Then, solve the wear problem of mechanical parts. In addition to adopting excellent materials, selecting advanced manufacturing technology and designing reasonable mechanical structure, an important work to be done in the process of use is to ensure the reasonable lubrication of machinery. According to statistics, more than half of the faults of construction machinery are caused by poor lubrication.
Due to the precision of the coordination of various parts of construction machinery, good lubrication can maintain normal working clearance and appropriate working temperature, so as to reduce the wear degree of parts and reduce mechanical faults. Normal and reasonable lubrication is one of the effective measures to reduce mechanical faults. For this reason, first, the lubricant should be selected reasonably. The normal lubricant category should be selected according to the different types and application structures of the machinery, the appropriate quality group should be selected according to the requirements of the machinery, the appropriate quality grade should be selected according to the requirements of the machinery, and the appropriate lubricant brand should be selected according to the working environment and different seasons of the machinery. In use, neither low-grade lubricants nor other types of lubricants can be used, let alone inferior 名媛直播. Second, always check the quantity and quality of lubricants. If the quantity is insufficient, it shall be supplemented in time, and if the quality is poor, it shall be replaced in time. Those who use lubricant substitutes of different types and brands under emergency conditions must clean the lubrication system afterwards and replace the normal lubricant in time.
4. Deal with the faults in time
Various faults are bound to occur in the use of construction machinery. Among these faults, some faults may have a small impact on mechanical equipment, some are more serious, and even cause major accidents of machine destruction and human death. Experience shows that serious mechanical faults are often caused by some smaller faults. The reason lies in the neglect of the timely disposal of small faults. Therefore, mechanical faults, regardless of size, should be eliminated in time, so as to maintain the normal performance of the machinery and reduce the possibility of causing greater faults.
In a sense, timely handling of faults is an effective measure to reduce and prevent faults. The so-called timely treatment is to regularly maintain and repair the machinery according to the maintenance procedures. The maintenance and repair of various groups must be carried out according to the requirements. The existing maintenance and repair specifications are the summary of many years of practical experience and are scientific and reasonable. In the absence of major technological progress and innovation, the guidance of these Regulations on the maintenance and repair of construction machinery is absolute and must be followed. Second, strengthen the regular and irregular inspection of construction machinery in the process of use, understand the operation of machinery in time, and deal with temporary faults in time. Do not delay the maintenance opportunity due to small faults and do not affect the use, resulting in greater faults.
5. Take correct technical measures and organizational management measures
With the development of material science and design and manufacturing technology, many new technologies, new materials and new structures have been adopted in construction machinery, which requires more scientific and perfect technical support and management of machinery.
Therefore, as the organization, management and operation personnel of construction machinery, first, pay attention to ensure that the machinery is prevented from damage, deformation and corrosion during transportation and storage. Second, the daily maintenance of the machinery should be strictly carried out to make the machinery in a good technical state. Third, operators should be educated to correctly use and operate various construction machinery to reduce and prevent mechanical faults caused by human errors. Fourth, carefully maintain the machinery, properly and reasonably carry out regular and irregular maintenance, keep the machinery clean and clean, regularly check the technical state of the machinery, deal with abnormalities in time, fasten and adjust loose and maladjusted parts in time, and carry out preventive replacement of some vulnerable parts.
